In his report, Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan recommended that the boundary line should be near the Ravi including Lahore in the East Punjab and Justice Teja Singh advocated that the boundary line should be near the Chenab, including parts of the districts of Sheikhupura and Gujranwala, Montgomery and

Prof. Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed takes up in this third and final episode on the Sikhs and Partition the offer Jinnah made to the Sikhs during 15-16 May 1947 if they supported Pakistan and the partition of India and why did the Sikhs reject it? This is the final controversy on which much confusion and mis

An armoured car of the Wiltshire Regiment leaving City Police headquarters on a peace-keeping patrol after communal riots in Amritsar, Punjab, March 1947. The first train to be attacked was in Amritsar on 6th of March, 1947, when a Muslim mob stopped a train coming from Pathankot in the suburb of

Much before the calamitous events of Aug-Sept 1947, the north-eastern region of what is now Pakistan saw targeted attacks on Sikh villages. Born and brought up in Nowshera Cantonment in Peshawar, I was 14 at the time of Partition. An important cantonment of British India, it had the Royal Air Force

Photographs of pre-partition havelis of Kalanaur, Rohtak. https://issuu.com/wokalmag/docs/issue_2_final_editted_1-pages-1-65-merged-pages-1-/s/10987644 Kalanaur, Rohtak

Niranjan Singh, a Sikh tea merchant, had served a brew to his friend, a Muslim leather worker, for decades. However, the week after he found his shop part of a new country the man came running in one morning with a gang shouting, “Kill him! Kill him!”. One cut Singh’s leg with his sword; others kill

Narinder Singh Kapoor is well known Punjabi Prose Writer from Patiala, Punjab, India. He talks about the Partition experience and its lasting impact on our lives.

Irfan Habib, Romila Thapar and Harbans Mukhia

In this article "When Emperors turned on Gurus", author Parvez Mahmood writes about the historical injustices suffered by the Sikhs that caused a growing rift between the two communities in Punjab. Excerpt ⓒThe Friday Times: The seeds of animosity between the two communities, Muslim and Sikh, that

Barefoot walking on the dusty plains of Punjab. Margaret Bourke-White 1947 Link: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/mass-migration-india/mgFC2Axc_siewg

End of Empire (1985), chapter 2: India, Engine of War

In the book "Borders and Boundaries: Women in India's Partition" by Ritu Menon and Kamala Bhasin, the events in Sargodha and other parts of Punjab are painfully documented with the focus on violence against women and children which became the most tragic and shocking aspect of partition. The idea

Our family lost its ancestral home and, within it, four family members. Of the three women one was blind and couldn’t leave the house without a guide. Two were nieces of my grandmother’s sister who had stopped off in Ludhiana on their way back to their village. We never found out what became of the

A collection of historical books on Punjab has been meticulously digitized and are available here in the Panjab Digital Library (based in Chandigarh, Punjab). There are series of books on the subject of Partition such as growing religious tensions in 1946, the Punjab Boundary Comission reports of 19

Sikh refugees Seems late August or September.

Ian Talbot analysis the development trends of Lahore and Amritsar post-partition. In contrast to the resurgence of Lahore, Amritsar saw its economy deteriorate due to lack of trade links with Karachi and Central Asia. Most of the supply of raw materials and business relationships with Lahore and we

In the book "The Great Tragedy of India's Partition" by S.S. Sharma. The idea of two-nation theory was also supported by the likes of Savarkar and Lala Lajpat Rai. The book is an essential read for those who want to learn more about this topic, and it methodically goes into the stages that led to

Wreckage of carts & belongings of refugees who had been camped there before the Beas River flooded over, during mass migration because of religious conflicts. Link: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/mass-migration-india/PwEwRZnMaJCFvw Details • Title: Mass Migration, India • Date: 1947-

Click on the reference post below. https://www.punjabpartition.com/single-post/witnessing-partition-through-ai

Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan in makeshift camps in eastern Punjab.

Reference article; https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Network-of-Canal-in-Thal-1954-Source-One-of-the-network-canal-which-turned-an-area_fig1_371540584 Excerpts: This article explains the post partition scenario in East and West of the Pakistani Punjab.This imperative research includes the details

Reference: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/do133-591.jpg

edited by Radhika Mohanram, Anindya Raychaudhuri Analysis of violence during Partition. A well researched book on the genesis of violence and some of the key events that took place in west and east Punjab. On the killings in Sheikhupura, here's an excerpt.

Sikh and Hindu refugees arriving on ships at Bombay Port, 1947. Also refer to this article for more details on how these refugees arrived from Karachi, https://www.gatewayhouse.in/bombay-karachi-linked/

Wrecked buildings after communal riots in Amritsar in 1947 - (c) Keystone Features

Malwinderjit Warraich writes about his family's tragic journey from Gujranwala to Indian Punjab. "AMONG the millions caught on the wrong side of the divide was my family from the village of Ladhewala Waraich, close to Gujranwala in Punjab. A science student, I was 17 then. Gujranwala stood every ch

Sargodha was founded at the turn of the 20th century as headquarters of the Jhelum Canal Colony. Too often we forget that the canal colonies of Punjab were colossal enterprises of social and economic engineering. The vast tracts of agricultural land surrounding the administrative and market centre o